Understanding how to use writing tenses is challenging. How do you mix past, present and future tense without making the reader giddy? What is the difference between 'simple' and 'perfect' tense? Read this simple guide for answers to these questions and more:
What are the main writing tenses?
In English, we have so-called 'simple' and 'perfect' tenses in the past, present and future. The simple tense merely conveys action in the time narrated. For example:
Past (simple) tense: Sarah ran to the store.
Present (simple) tense: Sarah runs to the store.
Future (simple) tense: Sarah will run to the store
Perfect tense uses the different forms of the auxiliary verb 'has' plus the main verb to show actions that have taken place already (or will/may still take place). Here's the above example sentence in each tense, in perfect form:
Past perfect: Sarah had run to the store.
Present perfect: Sarah has run to the store.
Future perfect: Sarah will have run to the store.
In the past perfect, Sarah's run is an earlier event in a narrative past:
Sarah had run to the store many times uneventfully so she wasn't at all prepared for what she saw that morning.
You could use the future perfect tense to show that Sarah's plans will not impact on another event even further in the future. For example:
Sarah will have run to the store by the time you get here so we won't be late.
(You could also say 'Sarah will be back from the store by the time you get here so we won't be late.' This is a simpler option using the future tense with the infinitive 'to be'.) Here are some tips for using the tenses in a novel:
1. Decide which writing tenses would work best for your story
The majority of novels are written using simple past tense and the third person:
She ran her usual route to the store, but as she rounded the corner she came upon a disturbing sight.
When you start drafting a novel or a scene, think about the merits of each tense. The present tense, for example, has the virtue of:
- Immediacy: The action unfolds in the same narrative moment as the reader experiences it (there is no temporal distance: Each action happens now)
- Simplicity: It's undeniably easier to write 'She runs her usual route to the store' then to juggle all sorts of remote times using auxiliary verbs
Sometimes authors are especially creative in combining tense and POV. In Italo Calvino's postmodern classic, If on a winter's night a traveler (1979), the entire story is told in the present tense, in the second person. This has the effect of a 'choose-your-own-adventure' novel. To rewrite Sarah's story in the same tense and POV:
You run your usual route to the store, but as you round the corner you come upon a disturbing sight.
This tense choice is smart for Calvino's novel since it increases the puzzling nature of the story. In If on a winter's night a traveler, you, the reader, are a character who buys Calvino's novel If on a winter's night a traveler, only to discover that there are pages missing. When you attempt to return it, you get sent on a wild goose chase after the book you want.
Tense itself can enliven an element of your story's narration. In a thriller novel, for example, you can write tense scenes in first person, present tense for a sense of danger unfolding now.
A muffled shot. He sits up in bed, tensed and listening. Can't hear much other than the wind scraping branches along the gutter.
2. Avoid losing clarity when mixing tenses
Because stories show us chains and sequences of events, often we need to jump back and forth between earlier and present scenes and times. This is especially true in novels where characters' memories form a crucial part of the narrative.
It's confusing when an author changes tense in the middle of a scene. The fragmented break in continuity makes it hard to place actions in relation to each other. For example:
Sarah runs her usual route to the store. As she turned the corner, she came upon a disturbing scene.
This is wrong because the verbs do not consistently use the same tense, even though it is clear (from context) that Sarah's run is a continuous action in a single scene.
Ursula K. Le Guin offers excellent advice on mixing past and present in her writing manual, Steering the Craft:
It is highly probable that if you go back and forth between past and present tense, if you switch the tense of your narrative frequently and without some kind of signal (a line break, a dingbat,a new chapter) your reader will get all mixed up as to what happened before what and what's happening after which and when we are, or were, at the moment.
Ursula K. Le Guin, Steering the Craft
In short, make sure there are clear breaks between sections set in different tenses and that actions in the same timeline don't create confusion by using different tenses for the same scene's continuous events.
These 10 exercises for practicing tenses provide a fun way to focus on mastering the basics.
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3: Mix the tenses for colour and variety
Le Guin raises a good point about writing tenses. Le Guin describes the downside of telling a story almost exclusively in present tense:
It all rather sounds alike...it's bland, predictable, risk-free. All too often, it's McProse. The wealth and complexity of our verb forms is part of the color of the language. Using only one tense is like having a whole set of oil paints and using only pink.
Le Guin, Steering the Craft
Instead mix different tenses where appropriate, but signal changes between time settings:
For example:
That morning, she had run her usual route to the store. As she turned the corner, she had come upon a disturbing scene. Apart from the glass and metal sprayed across the road like some outgoing tide's deposit, there were what looked like two stretchers, mostly eclipsed from view by a swarm of emergency workers.
Now, safely home, she decided to lie down, all the while trying to get that scene out of her mind.
Mixing the tenses can help to show the cause and effect of interlocking events. The use of the past perfect to describe the scene of an accident in the example above is effective because the past perfect shows what is already complete. It gives it an irrevocable quality, the quality of a haunting, living-on-in-memory event. Finished, but not finished in the character's mind's eye.
4. Practice showing shadowy past or present actions using verb forms
In addition to simple and perfect tenses, there are different 'moods' that show verbs as hypothetical or possible actions. In addition to the indicative mood ('she runs to the store') there is also the subjunctive mood ('If she runs to the store') and the potential mood ('she may run to the store').
The different moods are useful because they can show possibilities and scenarios that might have happened, or might still happen, under different circumstances. Here are examples for correct uses for each of the tenses (in active voice):
Subjunctive mood:
Present tense: If she runs to the store...
Past tense: If she ran to the store...
Future tense: If she should run to the store...
Present perfect tense: If she has run to the store...
Past perfect tense: If she had run to the store...
Future perfect tense: If she should have run to the store....
Think of this mood as setting up a possibility. For example: 'If she runs to the store, she better be quick because we're leaving in 5.'
The potential mood helps us show shadowy, more hypothetical, uncertain scenarios:
Present tense: She may run to the store.
Present perfect tense: She may have run to the store.
Past perfect: She might have run to the store.
In each of these examples, the action is a possibility and the mood (using the various forms of 'may') shows this.
These verb moods in conjunction with tense are useful. They help us describe situations in which a narrator or character does not have full knowledge of events, or is wondering how events might pan out. They help to build suspense in the build-up to finishing a book.
5. Practice rewriting paragraphs in different tenses
It's often easiest to get the hang of tense by doing. Pick a paragraph by an author and rewrite in each of the tenses. Here, for example, is a paragraph from David Sedaris' essay, 'Buddy, Can you Spare a Tie?':
The only expensive thing I actually wear is a navy blue cashmere sweater. It cost four hundred dollars and looks like it was wrestled from the mouth of a tiger. "What a shame," the dry cleaner said the first time I brought it in. The sweater had been folded into a loaf-sized bundle, and she stroked it, the way you might a freshly dead rabbit.
David Sedaris, 'Buddy, Can you Spare a Tie?' , When You Are Engulfed in Flames
Rewritten in past simple tense:
The only expensive thing I actually wore was a navy blue cashmere sweater. It cost four hundred dollars and looked like it was wrestled from the mouth of a tiger. "What a shame," the dry cleaner said the first time I brought it in. The sweater was folded into a loaf-sized bundle, and she stroked it, the way you might a freshly dead rabbit.'
Here is the same passage in past perfect:
The only expensive thing I had actually worn was a navy blue cashmere sweater. It had cost four hundred dollars and had looked like it had been wrestled from the mouth of a tiger. "What a shame," the dry cleaner had said, the first time I brought it in. The sweater had been folded into a loaf-sized bundle, and she had stroked it, the way you might a freshly dead rabbit.
The effect is of a character describing the defining experiences before another event (before buying an even more expensive item of clothing, for example). For example, you could write 'Before I bought that lavish suit...' before the paragraph.
To perfect writing tenses, make your own exercises and practice rewriting extracts from your story in each tense to see the changing effect this has on your narrative.
Do you need feedback on your use of tense in a story? Get novel help from our writing community or your own, experienced writing coach.
A fine explanation of tenses. A subject often ignored, having been overlooked except by students of language. In short, changes in tense are great aids to tension.
Bob Fairfield - Almost 8 years ago
Thanks, Bob! It's true that it's not discussed as commonly as certain other topics such as characterization.
Bridget At Now Novel - Almost 8 years ago
Reading such articles clear all the confusion. Thanks! I have question though, I am writing in past tense, all the events are happening in past tense. But, say, my protagonist is in a situation where she has to decide something and she is anticipating something, in short, it's future for her, how do we go about that. e.g. She was still sitting on the same bench, as she didn't want to leave the light. She was sure that ............................................................................ What I want to write here is, she knew that she will not find any cab at this hour. a. She was sure that she will not find any cab at this hour. b. She was sure that she was not going to any cab at this hour. c. She was sure that she couldn't get a cab at this hour. In my current scene, I am trying to show the thought process of the protagonist and I have encountered 2 or 3 places where I have come across this situation. Am I doing something wrong? Should I not come across such situation at all if I am writing in past tense? I understand reading helps, but at this moment, my mind is blank and I am not able to recollect anything that I (must) have read. Please suggest.
Jayendra - About 7 years ago
Hi Jayendra, Thanks for your question and the feedback. Number a. would be incorrect because 'will' is in the simple future tense (it would be correct in 'She is sure she will not find any cab at this hour'). B would be correct with a few small tweaks: 'She was sure she wasn't going to find any cab at such a late hour' (or '...any cab so late at night.') Incidentally, 'this' implies present, continuous time so it is a little jarring in past tense (hence the alternatives above). c. Similarly, this option would be better as 'She was sure she wouldn't find a cab at such a late hour.' 'Would not' is the right past tense form here, in present tense it would be 'will not'. It implies future action in relation to the present time of the narration. I hope that helps!
Bridget At Now Novel - About 7 years ago
Hey Bridget, thanks for your reply. It feels silly now. If I was able to come up with "could", why couldn't I think of "would"! :)
Jayendra - About 7 years ago
Thank you for this article. Tense has been driving me insane as it feels like there are hundreds of exceptions when it comes to usage of "simple present verbs" in past tense narratives. It makes me want to disregard the entire subject and rely on an editor to catch any mistakes that I don't naturally leave out. For example. When you said, "Past perfect: Sarah had run to the store." "Run" is a present (simple) tense verb, which would make you think that it can't be used at all in a past tense narrative, but it clearly can if you phrase it correctly. This holds true with literally dozens of other verbs, adverbs, and other "tense" related words. I'm finding my work being hampered by this as I literally stumble over myself thinking I buggered up a word in my narrative, only to later find out it was a perfectly acceptable usage. I'm really at the breaking point over this, and I'm close to just disregarding it all together and relying on pure instinct and proofreading, then review by an editor at a later date. Then of course, there's the whole deal with acceptable tense shifting... Am I incorrect for thinking this way? Will this kind of mindset bar me from any chance of ever getting published or even being given an offer by an agent? Is there room in this world for easily confusable writers? I don't know, and I can't imagine how confusing this must be for foreign speakers, either. As I've been speaking english all my life and writing as a hobby for nearly a decade. Anyway, sorry for the rant. I actually do have an actual question. How do you use simple present tense usages of "being" when writing in second person past tense? Because the phrase, "You are...(whatever character's name) comes up quite a bit. However, there's no way to get around the fact that you have to use "are," in the past tense continuous, and I can't find any info on if that is correct or not.
Bixnood007 - About 7 years ago
I have a question. Would it be incorrect if my story is in first person point of view and narrated in the past tense, but the internal monologue of my narrator is in the present tense? Ex. "Don’t you ever go anywhere else, Red?” My name isn’t Red. I can’t remember where that nickname came from. “I go to school.” I said. I could feel him rolling his eyes at me. I think he’s done that before. “Come with me today.” I looked at him then, a little puzzled. It was a bad idea and yet I said: “Okay.” It sounds right in my head but I feel like the tenses are too all over the place to be correct. The narrator has memory problems so I want what he's thinking to be read but I'm just not sure if this is correct. I'm more comfortable with past tense writing but should I switch to present tense?
Hannah Kania - Almost 6 years ago
I have the same question!
Cyber Punk - Over 5 years ago
Hi Hannah, this comment slipped by, my sincere apologies for that. Regarding your question, the tense switching does jolt the reader out of the story. If you're more comfortable with past tense, I'd suggest putting the internal monologue in past, too. For example: "I go to school," I said. I could feel him rolling his eyes at me. He'd done that before.' Similarly, for 'I can't remember where that nickname came form', you could simplify it to make past tense less clunky as: 'Where did that nickname come from?' I hope your story is much further along now!
Jordan At Now Novel - Over 5 years ago
I'm a translator struggling with getting the past perfect correct in the story I'm working on. I find your article very helpful. Thank you :) I have one question: That morning, she had run her usual route to the store. As she turned the corner, she had come upon a disturbing scene. Apart from the glass and metal sprayed across the road like some outgoing tide’s deposit, there were what looked like two stretchers, mostly eclipsed from view by a swarm of emergency workers. The above example sentences describe an event that had happened in the past from the narrator's perspective, and that's why the past perfect is used. Okay, no problem. But why isn't everything in the past perfect? Why is it okay to leave some parts in simple past? "As she turned the corner" instead of "As she had turned the corner" "there were what looked like two stretchers" instead of "there had been what looked two stretchers" This is the exact issue I'm having in my story. When I put every single verb in the past perfect, the sentences sound very heavy, especially when the section describing the past event is long. But I'm not sure which parts are okay to leave in simple past.
Eli S. - About 5 years ago
Hi Eli, Thank you for the feedback and for your question. You struck the exact reason there - stylistically, to put every single verb in past perfect does read clunkier and isn't necessary. As long as there is a past-perfect verb establishing the time-frame of events, the rest of the events that are still contextually happening in the earlier time period don't necessarily need past perfect. For example: 'It happened last week. I had stopped by the vet shop to get my dog's flea tablet [past perfect - prior action is established]. I was standing at the counter waiting to pay when I saw the new vet through the back entrance.' If you wrote 'I had been standing at the counter waiting to pay when I had seen the new vet...' each instance of past perfect situates the action in a time period before the 'main action'. Whereas the scene the narrator is describing is the main event unfolding after a prior action (stopping at the vet shop) situated before this encounter by past perfect tense. There's a useful article explaining past perfect further here: http://www.englishlessonsbrighton.co.uk/use-past-perfect-build-narratives/
Jordan At Now Novel - About 5 years ago
Thank you so much for your quick response, Jordan! Your explanation and the link you shared are very helpful :D
Eli S. - About 5 years ago
It's a pleasure :) Glad I could help! Good luck with your story.
Jordan At Now Novel - About 5 years ago
Hi Jordan. I have a question regarding exceptions. Are there any? I'm busy writing a short and it currently starts out as "I live on the top floor of a two storey apartment complex." I then proceed to recollect in past tense. The entire story takes place over the course of 1 night and ends with the protagonist still living there. I think - as I'm typing this out - I should probably change it to past tense right? The rest of story is written in past tense. I should treat the entire event as a recollection rather than get caught up in the fact that the protagonist is still currently living there. It just felt like I was setting it up as a "Once upon a time I lived on the top floor..." which is not really my intention. It's part of series so "I" will still be living there. It just seemed like a nice opener using present tense. Any ideas on how I can achieve the same effect?
Croud - About 5 years ago
Hi Croud, Thank you for sharing this interesting question. I can't see any reason why you couldn't begin and end on present. As long as the cuts between present and past are clear/signaled to your reader it should be fine. For example: 'I live on the top floor of a two-storey apartment complex. You'll know why I've shared this detail soon, as it connects to what I'm about to tell you about a strange event that happened two weeks ago. I was....' If you bookend a section in present tense this way, with a clear transition between the tenses using narration, it should be fine. The main thing with tenses is not to hop between tenses within the same narrative time-frame (for example 'I am running down a dark street. I heard footsteps behind me.' Here, there's nothing to signal the passage between present and past and it's confusing. I hope this helps!
Jordan At Now Novel - About 5 years ago
Hey! I'm a self-taught proofreader, not a writer myself (haven't a creative bone in my body, sadly), and I'm having a great deal of difficulty learning present tense. Up until now, all the stories I've proofread have been in past tense, so I'm trying to teach myself how to correct tense errors. However, many of the websites I've come across aren't tutorials, they're essays about why not to use present tense in fiction! Well, that's up to the author to decide! The issue I'm having is mostly with knowing when to allow usage of past tense to go and when to correct it. For instance, in this sentence: "Thrown by the jump in numbers, most viewers click back in the video just to double-check that Danny had indeed jumped from #3 to #6, before shrugging and continuing to watch." I'm thinking that "had" needs to be "has", but I'm not 100% sure. I like to be mostly sure before suggesting a change. Thanks. :)
Tracy - Over 4 years ago
Hi Tracy! Here the past perfect tense ('had') is acceptable because it describes an action completed before the present narrative time-frame (e.g. 'I'm walking to the store now which had been closed this morning' would be correct if the narrator were walking in the afternoon). If you wrote 'I'm walking to the store now which has been closed this morning' this would imply that it is still morning in the time of narration, due to 'has' here being in the present perfect tense (describing a past action or condition ('being closed') stretching into the present time). 'Has' in your example would read a little strangely as it could imply that Danny 'has' (in the present, continuing moment) jumped from #3 to #6. I would say, since the video has already been recorded, that 'had' makes sense because Danny's error (jumping from #3 to #6) 'had' been made at the time of recording, and had been viewed prior to the viewer's realization. So both moments are squarely in the past rather than stretching into the present. Does that make sense? :) Tense will get you!
Jordan At Now Novel - Over 4 years ago
It absolutely does, thank you! I'm going to have to go back and reread certain things now, but I definitely understand this. So things that happened prior to the time frame in the story can be past tense, even in a present tense story! Thank you again, so very much, I'm trying so hard to learn this, but I just find it difficult. xD Your explanation certainly simplified it for me, though! ^_^
Tracy - Over 4 years ago
This post also sums up the differences very well: https://www.dailywritingtips.com/has-vs-had/
Jordan At Now Novel - Over 4 years ago
So, in short, can I use different tenses in my work of a story writing? In direct speech inverted commas are needed.Isn't it?
Tom Kottackal - Over 4 years ago
MIXING PAST AND PRESENT TENSES The following paragraph has a mixture of past and present tense. I believe it to be grammatically wrong but, to my mind, it doesn't jar when I read it back and it gives the reader a sense of immediacy. My question is: Is it an absolute no-no or is there a degree of artist license here? Archie flicked on the chainsaw’s master switch and pumped the primer a few times. Resting the saw on the ground he gave the cord a good hard yank. It clacked through its gears but didn't catch. The second pull bit and snapped back stinging his fingers as it recoiled. “Son of a….” he yelped. The third pull sprung the chainsaw into life with a metallic shrill sending out a cloud of blue smoke that wafted across the laundry. Archie let it idle in a high pitched grumble and then tested it with a few pumps of the throttle that sent the chain shinning around the blade. “Seems okay” he yelled over the noise before killing the master switch. “I guess the real test will be half way through a tree.
Mike - Almost 4 years ago
Hi Mike, Thank you for sharing that, there's a great descriptive density to it and a clear sense of scene. I'm curious as to why you think it mixes tenses? To my eyes, it's all in past tense. You do have a participle phrase or two (e.g. 'Resting the saw on the ground') that provide a present/unfolding action, but these are used correctly within past tense for the overall narration (you do use it correctly to show one action that is ongoing during another - the finite verb 'he gave...' after that participle phrase still keeps the tense within past as expected). It would be mixed if you had finite verbs in different tenses for events occurring in the same time-frame, e.g. 'He rests the saw on the ground and gave the cord a good hard yank.' This would be jarring because there would appear to be two different time-frames for actions unfolding within the same scene, thanks to present verb 'rests' and past verb 'gave'. I hope this helps!
Jordan - Almost 4 years ago
Great article, many thanks! Brief question - when writing in the past tense, can you still use present tense for general statements? For example: I woke up as usual at 5:47 station time when air supply unit number five, that occupied the majority of the level below our quarters, sprang into action, producing a constant humming that would last for the next eight hours. It is never completely quiet on a space station, there are always sounds, vibrations and audible movements, and you learn to live with it. It never bothered me, it was the only life I knew.
Stephan George - Over 3 years ago
Hi Stephan, it's a pleasure. I'm glad you found it helpful. Thank you for sharing your question. That does scan fine. In the first instance, there is a participle phrase which creates the sense of a presently unfolding action within the past time-frame ('producing a constant humming...'). This is correct usage. Then the flip to present informs the reader of a general, ongoing state of affairs which is where we would use present tense. It depends on the site in time from which the narrator is speaking. If they are no longer living in the quarters when narrating this, then perhaps 'It was never completely quiet on the space station...' would make more sense (past tense for recounting conditions no longer being experienced). But if they are still based at the station, then present tense narration for a general state of affairs in their environment fits, as presumably it still isn't ever completely quiet when they're narrating this. I hope this helps! Thanks for the great question.
Jordan - Over 3 years ago
Thank you for this article. I found it helpful. Both of my main characters at one point recall their dreams. Since they are recalling them, I would write them in past tense correct?
Chelsea - Over 3 years ago
Hi Chelsea, it's a pleasure! Not necessarily. I find authors often use present tense for this (especially if the main narration is in past tense). It would look something like: But then I remembered the dream I had... I'm standing in a wide, open field. I hear someone calling from the other side ... Present tense does create a sense of the unfolding moment that suits the sense of reenacting an interesting event, so personally I would lean towards that. I hope this helps. Just remember whichever tense you're using to have a narrative link that clarifies that the narration is now crossing over into the dream description (in my example above, it's the words 'But then I remembered the dream I had). Thank you for reading our blog!
Jordan - Over 3 years ago
Wow, This was fantastic
Danny Tukes - Over 2 years ago
Hi Danny, thank you for reading our blog and for your feedback!
Jordan - Over 2 years ago