How do you describe a place? 6 setting tips

The setting of your story is key to readers being able to imagine 'being there'. How do you describe a place so it is characterful and contributes effectively to your story? What physical descriptions can you provide to create a vivid image in your reader's mind? Try these 6 tips:

How to describe a place:

1. Describe place through characters' senses
2. Include time period in description
3. Include small-scale changes in time
4. Show how characters feel about your setting
5. Keep setting description relevant to the story
6. List adjectives to describe your story locations

1. Describe place through characters' senses

We feel connected to place in a story when we see it through characters' senses. Bring senses such as sight, hearing, touch, smell and even taste (there's edible wallpaper in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory) into your setting. Using every sense might not make sense for your book, yet it's possible. In Roald Dahl's children's classic, set in a sweet factory full of wonder, it somehow makes sense even the wallpaper is delicious.

When describing places in your story, think about tone and mood. Should this setting be intimidating or welcoming? Ancient, dusty and arcane or ultra-modern and spotless? What does an ancient, dusty mood smell like (old books? damp carpets?). What descriptive details should you include?

Use the 'Core Setting' section of your story dashboard on Now Novel to create your story outline online, including key setting elements.

Example of effective sensory place description

In Margaret Atwood's novel Cat's Eye (1989), the protagonist Cordelia recalls her childhood in flashbacks. Here, Cordelia describes her childhood home, when her parents would throw bridge (the card game) parties:

Then the doorbell begins to ring and the people come in. The house fills with the alien scent of cigarettes, which will still be there in the morning along with a few uneaten candies and salted nuts, and with bursts of laughter that get louder as time passes. I lie in my bed listening to the bursts of laughter. I feel isolated, left out. Also I don't understand why this activity, these noises and smells, is called "bridge." It is not like a bridge. (pp. 168-169)

Atwood uses sound and smell to paint an idea of the strangeness of being a child in an adult's world. She uses the young Cordelia's senses to create place and this puts us in the scene, as we experience young Cordelia's surrounds through her perspective.

2. Include time period in description

'Time' is an important aspect of setting. This is particularly so in historical fiction. Details from the types of buildings and shops that line the main road of a city to individual details of people's clothing and speech contribute to a sense of when the story happens. A story set in a bustling city such as1950s Chicago will naturally have very different buildings, cars, and people, than one set in the late 2000s. Consider whether you will you show a sequence of time: 'They drove for a week across the state and still couldn't decide what to do.'

How do you describe a place so the reader can sense the time period?

• Show technology: What are the ordinary tools people have at their disposal? See, for example, the period-specific radio in the image below
• Show culture: How do people live? Are there rigid gender roles between the sexes? What do the majority believe? Convey these social patterns and habits in the way people speak and things they say
• Include current interests, challenges or obstacles: In the time period of your story, what are the hot topics of the day? Are people worried about a war, a new law, a change in government?
• Show atmosphere: What sort of place are you describing? A lively city, or a sleepy town or village? How does this impact on the characters? 

Example of time period in setting description

In Alice Munro's semi-autobiographical collection of stories, The View from Castle Rock (2006), the Canadian author traces the history of her Scottish ancestors. Here, she recalls the simple ways of village life in the 1700s, describing the life of her ancestor William Laidlaw:

The first story told of Will is about his prowess as a runner. His earliest job in the Ettrick Valley was as a shepherd to a Mr. Anderson, and this Mr. Anderson had noted how Will ran straight down on a sheep and not roundabout when he wanted to catch it. So he knew that Will was a fast runner, and when a champion English runner came into the valley Mr. Anderson wagered Will against him for a large sum of money. (p. 9)

The details here convey a sense of rural life in 18th Century Scotland. Descriptions of herding sheep and rival runners create a sense of an agrarian, outdoor way of life conjuring earlier, less modern times.

Munro goes further creating period in her setting by describing the clothing Will receives in reward for winning the race against the English runner:

Mr. Anderson collected a fine heap of coins and Will for his part got a gray cloth coat and a pair of hose.

The reference to hose, which men don't typically wear in modern times, further places the story in earlier times.

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3. Include small-scale changes in time

In addition to creating the broader sense of time or period, you can use small-scale time (such as time of day or the way place changes week to week or month to month).

Think of how time of day and physical changes to a place in time can both contribute tone and mood.

For example, if a city is bombed over a week's period in a story, what does it look like at the start versus at the end? As an exercise, describe a sleek, modern city in a few sentences. Then describe the same elements of the city after a week of civil warfare. What has changed and what mood do these changes create?

Including time of day can create moods such as:

• Fear: Nighttime may bring vulnerabilities such as reduced visibility and general fear
• Langour and laziness: The golden light of a late afternoon outdoor social gathering, for example
• Excitement: For example, the breaking light of an important and exciting day such as a wedding or holiday

While doing so also explore the physical characteristics of a place: the colors of the buildings, the shape of the trees in the streets, the look and models of the cars in the streets. What type of city are you describing? What public spaces are there?

Weaving in details of time of day as well as the way places change over a day, week, month or year will create a sense of your setting being a dynamic, active and real place.

Example of effective use of small-scale time in writing setting

In his historical novel Oscar and Lucinda (1988), the Australian author Peter Carey describes a stormy nighttime scene where the lights in Oscar's family's home go out:

There was no torch available for my father because I had dropped it down the dunny [toilet] the night before. I had seen it sink, its beam still shining through the murky fascinating sea of urine and faeces... So when the lights went off in the storm the following night, he had no torch to examine the fuse-box. (p. 3)

Carey weaves a succession of nightly events together to show the frustrations of Oscar's father. This use of time, coupled with the stormy setting, creates tension. When the father asks Oscar's mother where the fuse-wire is, she says 'I used it...to make the Advent wreath' [for the church].

Oscar's father's response is to blaspheme. The mother, being devout, makes them all kneel to ask God's forgiveness.

Carey ends the scene showing a change in the setting and how the mother interprets it:

We stayed there kneeling on the hard lino floor. My brother was crying softly.
Then the lights came on.
I looked up and saw the hard bright triumph in my mother's eyes. She would die believing God had fixed the fuse. (p. 5)

Carey masterfully uses a tense nighttime setting and situation (lights going out in a storm) to show different family members' personalities. The mother's response is to turn to her faith, the father's to think of practical matters like finding fuse-wires to fix the lights.

The stormy nighttime setting provides a dramatic backdrop to the action, giving both the cause for the situation and the mood of the scene.

4. Show how characters feel about your setting

Story settings affect and alter characters' moods and states of mind, just as places affect our own. Learning how to describe a place thus means, in part, learning how to describe places so that they reveal characters' desires, interests, fears and more.

Bring your character's personalities, passions and histories to bear on the setting details they notice and describe.

We often return to this example because it's an effective description of setting and the feelings it evokes:

124 was spiteful. Full of a baby's venom. The women in the house knew it and so did the children. For years each put up with the spite in his own way, but by 1873 Sethe and her daughter Denver were its only victims. (p. 3)

This is the opening to Toni Morrison's Beloved (1987), describing the haunted quality of her protagonist Sethe's family home. Morrison immediately creates a sense of feeling in her setting description. Describing her characters as 'victims' of the house makes it clear it is a place of trauma and suffering.

Morrison continues to convey the character of place brilliantly:

The grandmother, Baby Suggs, was dead, and the sons, Howard and Buglar, had run away by the time they were thirteen years old - as soon as merely looking in a mirror shattered it (that was the signal for Buglar); as soon as two tiny hand prints appeared in the cake (that was it for Howard). (p. 3)

Morrison lists interesting, mysterious details about the haunted air of 124, and the different details of place that are the final straws for individual members of Sethe's family.

Overall, the effect of her place description is to create a sense of hostility and 'unhomeliness'. We have a clear sense of the emotions place produces or reawakens.

5. Keep setting description relevant to the story

Often writers starting out try to describe every little detail in painstaking detail. Others describe everything in broad generalizations. Each have pros and drawbacks. The advantages of detailed place description are:

• Vivid visuals: We see more of the setting in our mind's eye
• Authenticity: Details often create a sense of reality. For example, if the rooms of a house have different light, objects, curiosities

The cons of detailed description are that it can slow narrative pace and clutter your prose.

Being too broad and abstract has its own cons, however. If you describe a high street, for example, and say 'The shops all have lavish window displays', we don't see any difference between them.

It's often best to balance a little relevant detail here and there with broad description elsewhere to give both the specific qualities and the general feeling of a place.

What is relevant setting description?

It's description that is:

• Relevant to impending events: E.g. Including an object that will be used in a scene, such as a murder weapon
• Revealing about place or character: For example, if a character's bedroom is messy it tells us something about their personality (that they're lazy, perhaps, or merely busy or chaotic)
• Worth mentioning: Beginning writers often include unnecessary descriptions such as 'she walked across the lounge and headed to her bedroom'. It's more concise to simply say, 'She went to her bedroom'

Example of relevant setting description

In his novel Love in the Time of Cholera (1985), Gabriel Garcia Marquez describes Dr. Juvenal Urbino as one of the most respected men in the Carribean town where the story takes place.

Here is description of the doctor's arrival at a party in the middle of a storm:

In the chaos of the storm Dr. Juvenal Urbino, along with the other late guests whom he had met on the road, had great difficulty reaching the house, and like them he wanted to move from the carriage to the house by jumping from stone to stone across the muddy patio, but at last he had to accept the humiliation of being carried by Don Sancho's men under a yellow canvas canopy. (p. 34)

This is a simple, effective example of relevant setting description because:

• Marquez uses how a character interacts with his challenge-ridden setting (the mud and the wet) to reveal character. Because the doctor is so respected he is carried, but he is also 'humiliated' by this, showing his proud nature
• The setting description focuses on the key transition that sets up the next scenes - people's arrival for a luncheon to commemorate the silver anniversary of Urbino's colleague's graduation

Your setting will be different depending on the genre that you are writing in: in science fiction you will be creating a world that is, presumably, different from the one you know.

Here is an excellent effective description example from Emily St John Mandel's The Sea of Tranquillity:

But Colony Two was built a little too hastily, and within a century the lighting system on the main dome had failed. The lighting system was meant to mimic the appearance of the sky as viewed from Earth—it was nice to look up and see blue, as opposed to looking up into the void—and when it failed there was no more false atmosphere, no more shifting pixelations to give the impression of clouds, no more carefully calibrated preprogrammed sunrises and sunsets, no more blue. Which is not to suggest that there wasn’t light, but that light was extremely un-Earthlike: on a bright day, the colonists looked up into space. The juxtaposition of utter darkness with bright light made some people dizzy, although whether this was physical or psychological was up for debate. More seriously, the failure of the dome lighting removed the illusion of the twenty-four-hour day. Now the sun rose rapidly and spent two weeks crossing the sky, after which there were two straight weeks of night.

Charles Dickens was a master at describing setting too. Dickens’ description of Coketown in Hard Times (1854) conveys what a rapidly industrializing town is like, with its miasma of smog:

Seen from a distance in such weather, Coketown lay shrouded in a haze of its own, which appeared impervious to the sun’s rays. You only knew the town was there, because you knew there could have been no such sulky blotch upon the prospect without a town. A blur of soot and smoke, now confusedly tending this way, now that way, now aspiring to the vault of Heaven, now murkily creeping along the earth, as the wind rose and fell, or changed its quarter: a dense formless jumble, with sheets of cross light in it, that showed nothing but masses of darkness.

6. List adjectives to describe your story locations

Learning how to describe a place means also broadening your vocabulary with words that capture setting. There are so many adjectives to describe an 'old' building, for example. Each of the following terms describe age, yet with different shades of meaning:

• Ancient: for example, ancient ruins. Belonging to the very distant past (OED)
• Anachronistic: Belonging or appropriate to an earlier period, especially so as to seem conspicuously old-fashioned (OED)
• Prehistoric: (Informal) Very old or out of date (OED)
• Archaic: Very old or old-fashioned (OED)
• Venerable: Accorded a great deal of respect, especially because of age, wisdom, or character (OED)

Even if you don't use every word you find, this exercise will help you pinpoint the mood of a place. Think about elements such as a place's:

• Age
• Mood
• Atmosphere
• Size
• Appeal
• Sensory details (smells and so on).

Find adjectives that convey these qualities in a way that make place more specific. 'Venerable', for example, suggests respect that comes with age as described above. 'Decrepit', by contrast, suggests falling apart and ugly with age.

Use stronger descriptions whenever possible in describing place. Think of the types of description that you want to use. For example, impressionistic description relies on devices such as metaphor, metonymy, simile, personification and hyperbole. Use precise adjectives, stronger verbs in place of adverbs, and other devices. Take note of using positive adjectives: 'a clean, bustling city', 'serene mountains' and negative adjectives: 'a dangerous city'. 

Brainstorm the broad setting of your story using the 'Core Setting' prompts in Now Novel's comprehensive story outlining tool and get novel help as you progress.

What are some of your favorite descriptions from books? Let us know in the comments.