How to write a plot outline: 7 plotting techniques

Creating a story outline is not for everyone. Yet it is a useful way to scrutinize and expand your story idea. A way to find more material, and create a story structure template that guides your draft. Learn how to write a plot outline with these seven plotting techniques:

7 popular story outlining methods:

1. Start with a synopsis
2. Summarize scenes and chapters
3. Use cards, corkboards, whiteboards
4. Plan action and reaction beats
5. Divide into purpose-driven acts
6. Modify the Hero's Journey
7. Do a draft zero

Let's explore how to make a story outline in further detail:

Start with a synopsis

Putting limits and parameters in place for a creative project is one of the hardest parts. You're making choices that will direct, to a degree, the progress and destination of your project, after all. Total freedom may feel daunting.

A freer, looser first step often helps to ease into making further creative decisions.

Once you have a central idea for your story, write a synopsis detailing everything you know so far.

Write down the starting scenario or situation that leads to the inciting action - the events that set your story in motion. Note any obstacles or adversaries you already know will feature.

This may seem a daunting task when you haven't written any part of a draft yet. Leave out anything you don't know yet.

The free 'Central Idea' section of Now Novel's step-by-step story dashboard guides you through finding a concise, central idea. There is also further guidance to write a helpful synopsis and fuller outline.

Summarize scenes and chapters

A plot outline is helpful to structure your story into scenes and chapters. Scenes are 'a sequence of continuous action in a play, film, opera, or book' (OED). We've written before on how to structure scenes around concrete, clear story events.

Writing scene summaries ahead of drafting your scenes in greater detail is a helpful way to maintain focus. It will help you ensure every scene is driven by clear purpose.

When you know why you're writing a scene (how it serves the broader story) it's a little easier to decide what to include. Also what to leave for another scene or chapter (or leave out entirely).

To summarize scene and chapter ideas and move them around and sequence story events, Now Novel's scene builder is a useful tool. See our article on creative ways to use this browser-based story outlining tool.

Use cards, corkboards, whiteboards

Writing is a very verbal process. Many writers find it helpful to add a visual element to plotting, because this helps us to see the structure of a work of fiction (or non-fiction) laid out.

Vladimir Nabokov famously wrote sections of stories on physical index cards that he would then reshuffle to find novel possibilities for plot lines and the order of his stories' events. Said Nabokov:

The pattern of the thing precedes the thing. I fill in the gaps of the crossword at any spot I happen to choose. These bits I write on index cards until the novel is done. My schedule is flexible, but I am rather particular about my instruments: lined Bristol cards and well sharpened, not too hard, pencils capped with erasers.

Vladimir Nabokov, interviewed by Herbert Gold, 'The Art of Fiction No. 40', The Paris Review, quoted by Colin Marshall for Open Culture

Outlining a story on cards, notes on a corkboard (whether analogue or digital like our scene builder tool) is a helpful way to get physical with your plotting process.

Blending 'pantsing' with story outlining and using boards to pin ideas down

When we interviewed Now Novel Kickstart your Novel alumnus and editing client Dr Bonnie Traymore, she shared how using post-its in the planning and outlining stages helped her compromise with her 'pantser' preferences:

I used the services of Hedi Lampert who works for Now Novel and she gave me an idea of taking post-it notes and putting scenes on a whiteboard, and just kind of pasting it on, and that that worked pretty well for me.

I know there’s a lot of online stuff that you can do. But for me, the physical act of writing and putting it on got me off the computer and standing up because writing and sitting is such a sedentary process.

Bonnie Traymore, interviewed by Jordan Kantey, 'Author interview: Bonnie Traymore on Killer Motives'

Plan action and reaction beats

The previous sections of this guide to how to outline a book describe plotting the macro or large-scale elements of your story.

What if you don't want a plot structure template, but rather an outlining method that is flexible and adaptable to any genre?

Enter story 'beats'. What is a beat? It's a screenwriting term that describes 'a moment that propels the story forward and compels the viewer to take stock of what could happen next' (definition via Masterclass).

To take an example, in a classic fable such as 'The Three Little Pigs', you have action and reaction beats such as:

Action: Mother pig sends her grown up piglets out into the world
Reaction: Without their mother's shelter, each pig builds a house of different materials based on personal qualities such as their different work ethics.

The thing to note about outlining a story in action and reactions is that a reaction beat is:

• Relevant to the preceding action. Because the pigs now have to fend for themselves, they must build shelter. Reaction shows the consequences of action
• A passage towards further action or complication. The pigs having varying work ethics is building their homes proves crucial to the story, since only the hardest-working pig builds a home strong enough to withstand the wolf, the story's antagonist

Outlining your story simply like this in duos of action and reaction (where reaction propels new actions) is a smart way to simplify plotting. It's a happy compromise between detailed planning and looser plotting methods.

Writing coach Romy Sommer shares more on action and reaction as a story outlining tool in this extract from our monthly writing webinars:

Divide into purpose-driven acts

It is almost impossible to talk about story outlining methods without talking about structure.

Structure is not necessarily something you put in place first. Yet if you do write to a broad structure you may find it helpful as you will have an outline for what events (broadly) should occur in each section of your book.

A common approach to plot outlines is to combine three-act structure with scene and chapter summaries (as described above) or other methods.

What is three-act structure?

Briefly, three-act structure is a concept borrowed from stage plays, acts being the sections of continuous action in a play between curtains or set changes.

In three-act structure, each act contains the following:

Act I: The setup, including exposition (the introduction of the story's setting and world) and the inciting event (the incident that sets the story in motion).

Act II: The development or 'confrontation', in which there is rising tension and/or conflict. In Shakespeare's Othello, for example, the middle is when Iago (the antagonist) stirs up conflict between most of the other characters in the play.

Act III: This act typically builds to a climax (and often a so-called 'dark night of the soul' where a protagonist is at their lowest point or victory/success seems most unlikely), followed by resolution.

As a broad approach for outlining your story, three-act structure is useful as it helps you ensure each third of your story achieves something important with respect to your plot (and moving the action forward).

Modify the Hero's Journey

The hero's journey is based on the study of myth by writer and scholar Joseph Campbell. Campbell believed that all world myths included some similar elements. While there may be as many as 17 steps, the hero's journey can be divided into three main sections like three-act structure.

In Campbell's version, these are departure or separation, initiation, and return.

While Campbell used the language of myth and fantasy to describe the hero's journey, the structure can be used for realist fiction as well.

Outlining a story using the Hero's Journey in three acts

In the first section, the protagonist receives a call to action and refuses it. The protagonist then encounters a mentor or supernatural aid and crosses the threshold into a different world.

In the second act, the protagonist undergoes a series of trials or temptations. For a romance, this could be the allure of an ex that comes back into the picture, for example (forcing the protagonist to choose between two would-be partners).

In the final act, the protagonist must return to the ordinary world. Typically (in a quest narrative, at least), the protagonist triumphs in the end.

Example of an outlining method based on the Hero's Journey - Dan Harmon's Story Circle

Dan Harmon's 'story circle' is an example of a modified Hero's Journey structure. Harmon explains the simplified, 8-step story template and its flexibility in this video for Studiobinder:

Do a draft zero

Some writers simply do not want to outline. However, even if you prefer to write by the seat of your pants, there is a kind of plot outline you may find useful.

This is what we call a zero draft or discovery draft.

This draft is too unstructured to be even a first draft, but it is far more extensive and detailed than the above outlines. In fact, it can run to 100 or 200 pages.

The crucial aspect of a draft zero is to write your draft as quickly as possible. You can skip entire swathes of your story and leave notes in their place.

The discovery draft is a helpful exercise if you've struggled with outlines but find you get bogged down while trying to write a novel without the safety net of one.

Need a more structured process? Make real progress in six months with weekly workbooks, daily writing sprints, and a constructive, supportive community on Now Novel's Group Coaching course.